The amount by which a payment is insufficient(noun)
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Use "underpayment" in a sentence
"On Tuesday, when Mr. Geithner's failures were first reported by The Wall Street Journal, the Obama transition office issued a statement calling his underpayment of taxes "honest mistakes.""
"A potential underpayment by the Perry campaign to Mr. Pardo for use of his plane was reported Tuesday by the New York Times."
"If the amount under the AMT is higher than what they would otherwise owe, they must pay the higher amount, or risk incurring underpayment penalties."